Antecedent – the word to which a pronoun refers

Gallia est omnis dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae

Gaul is as a whole divided into three parts, one of which the Belgians inhabit

Supine

frūmentātum: to fetch grain

rogātum: to ask

perfacile factū: easy to do

mīrābile dictū: wonderful to say

Gerund (Verbal Noun)

ad proficiscendum: for the purpose of setting out

Gerundive (Future Passive Participle)

Ad eās rēs cōnficiendās: for the purpose of completing these things

bellī īnferendī causā: for the sake of bringing war

Passive Periphrastic

mīlitibus...dēsiliendum [erat]

it had to be jumped down by the soldiers (dative of agent)

Purpose Clause – Main Clause + ut/utī (so that, to) or nē (so that not, not to) + present subjunctive or imperfect subjunctive

Sabīnus...id clāriōre vōce, ut magna pars mīlitum exaudīret...inquit.

Sabinus said this with a clearer voice so that a great part of the soldiers might hear [him].

[Orgetorīx] nē causam dīceret sē ēripuit

[Orgetorix] snatched himself away so that he would not plead [his] case

Indirect Command – Main Clause with verbs of urging, asking, or warning + ut/utī (to) or nē (not to) + present subjunctive or imperfect subjunctive

Hic servō...persuādet...ut litterās ad Caesarem dēferat.

He persuades the slave...to bring down the letters to Caesar.

Result Clause – Main Clause with one of the following (expressed or implied): TAM (so), TANTUS (such great), TĀLIS (such), TOT (so many), ITA / SĪC (in this way), ADEŌ (to such an extent) + ut/utī (that) or ut/utī nōn (that not) + present subjunctive or imperfect subjunctive

Tanta tempestās subitō coorta est ut nūlla eārum cursum tenēre posset.

Such a great storm suddenly arose that not one of them was able to hold course.

Mōns autem altissimus impendēbat, ut facile perpaucī prohibēre possent.

Furthermore a very high mountain was overhanging, [in such a way] that very few easily were able to keep [them] away.

Substantive Clause of Result – Main Clause with ACCIDIT / FIT (it happens) or EFFICIŌ (I bring it about) + ut/utī (that) / ut/utī nōn (that not) + present subjunctive or imperfect subjunctive

Hīs rēbus fīēbat ut et minus lātē vagārentur et minus facile fīnitimīs bellum īnferre possent.

With these things it happened that they both wandered less widely and were able to bring war less easily upon [their] neighbors.

Reliquīs ut nāvigārī commodē posset effēcit.

He brought it about that it was able to be sailed advantageously in the other [ships].

Conditional Clauses

sī gravius quid acciderit, abs tē ratiōnem reposcent

if anything more serious will have happened, they will demand an account from you

‘Desilite,’ inquit, ‘milites, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prodere

he says, ‘Jump down, soldiers, unless you want to forsake the eagle to the enemies 

Indirect Questions

Omnia excōgitantur, quārē nec sine perīculō maneātur

All [things] are devised, why it is not remained without danger

Ibi ex captīvīs cognōscit quae apud Cicerōnem gerantur quantōque in perīculō rēs sit.

There he learns from the captives what [things] are being done with Cicero and in what great danger the situation is.

Fearing Clause ("nē" is used instead of "ut" and vice versa)

veritus...nē cīvitās eōrum impulsū dēficeret

having feared that the state might revolt by their instigation

Relative Clause of Characteristic

Erant omnīnō itinera duo, quibus itineribus domō exīre possent:

There were entirely two journeys, by which journeys they might be able to go out from home:

Relative Clause of Purpose – Main Clause + quī (so that, to) + present subjunctive or imperfect subjunctive

lēgātōs ad eum mittunt nōbilissimōs cīvitātis...quī dīcerent sibi esse in animō

they send the noblest ambassadors of the state to him...to say [that] there was to them in [their] mind

Indirect Statement – Verb of Perceiving/Saying + Accusative + Infinitive

nēminem posteā...in Britanniam trānsitūrum [esse] cōnfīdēbant

they trusted [that] no one afterwards...would cross into Britain

Imperative – Command

Aenēās...“Dīc,” ait, “ō virgō, quid vult concursus ad amnem?

Aeneas...says, “Say, oh maiden, what does the crowd want at the river?

fāre age, quid veniās, iam istinc et comprime gressum

say, come on, why you come, and now from there restrain [your] step

Partitive Genitive

Hōrum omnium fortissimī sunt Belgae

Of all these the Belgians are the bravest

nōn esse dubium quīn tōtīus Galliae plūrimum Helvētiī possent

[that] there is no doubt that the Helvetians were the most powerful of all Gaul

sī quicquam ab eīs praesidī spērent

if they should hope for anything of help from those [other Romans]

nē quid ex contāgiōne incommodī accipiant

so that they may not receive anything of harm from contact

Genitive with an Adjective

veteris...memor...bellī

mindful of the old war

Genitive with a Verb of Remembering or Forgetting

Heu, rēgnī rērumque oblīte tuārum!

Alas, [you] having forgotten the kingdom and your things!

nec mē meminisse pigēbit Elissae

and it will not displease me to remember Elissa

Dative of Agent

mīlitibus...dēsiliendum [erat]

it had to be jumped down by the soldiers

Dative of Possession

nōndum illī flāvum Prōserpina vertice crīnem abstulerat

Proserpina had not yet carried away the golden hair [belonging] to her from [her] head

Double Dative – Dative of Reference with a Dative of Purpose

quae rēs magnō ūsuī nostrīs fuit

this thing was for great use to our [soldiers]

nē qua legiō alterae legiōnī subsidiō venīre posset

so that not any legion might be able to come for support to the other legion

magnō esse Germānīs dolōrī Ariovistī mortem et superiōrēs nostrās victōriās

the death of Ariovistus and our previous victories were for a great sadness to the Germans

sī reī pūblicae commodō facere posset

[to see] if he might be able to do [it] for advantage to the republic

Dative with a Special Verb – THREATEN, HARM, PLEASE, TRUST, RESIST, PERSUADE, COMMAND, OBEY, SERVE, PARDON, ENVY, FAVOR, SPARE

Tum cuidam ex equitibus Gallīs magnīs praemiīs persuādet

Then he persuades a certain [one] of the Gallic horsemen with great rewards

quod repentīnae Gallōrum coniūrātiōnī resistere nōn potuerit

because he was not able to resist the sudden conspiracy of the Gauls

Accusative of Duration of Time

Ego...ūnā cum gente tot annōs bella gerō

I wage wars with one nation [for] so many years

Accusative of Respect

perque pedēs trāiectus lōra tumentēs

and having been pierced [in respect to] leather straps through the feet being swollen

exuviās indūtus Achillī

having been dressed [in respect to] the spoils of Achilles

Ablative Absolute

M. Messālā, M. Pūpiō Pīsōne cōnsulibus

with Marcus Messala [and] Marcus Pupius Piso [as] consuls

Diē cōnstitūtā causae dictiōnis

With the day of the pleading of the case having been decided

domum reditiōnis spē sublātā

with the hope of returning home having been removed

magnā iuvenum stīpante catervā

with a great crowd of young people accompanying

Ablative of Agent

cum summō studiō ā mīlitibus administrārētur

since it was being managed with the greatest eagerness by the soldiers

Ablative of Comparison

terrīs magis omnibus

more than all lands

Ablative of Manner

turrēs admodum centum XX excitantur incrēdibilī celeritāte

120 towers to a full measure are built with incredible speed

Ablative of Means

continētur Garumnā flūmine, Ōceanō, fīnibus Belgārum

it is bounded by the Garonne river, by the Ocean, [and] by the borders of the Belgians

Ablative of Separation

Trōas, rēliquiās Danaum atque immītis Achillī, arcēbat longē Latiō

she kept far from Latium the Trojans, the remnants of the Greeks and of cruel Achilles

nec posse Ītaliā Teucrōrum āvertere rēgem?

and [I] am not able to turn away the king of the Teucrians from Italy?

Ablative of Specification

cum virtūte omnibus praestārent

since they surpassed all in bravery